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TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL
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Project Report
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Contents
2.1.1
.Working principle of a LED …………………………………………………………………………………………………….4
3.4. Project
Working Snaps………………………………………………………………………………………………………………12
3.4.1. Red LED
working…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….12
3.4.1 Yellow
LED working…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………12
3.4.2 Green LED
working…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………13
1. Introduction:
1.1. Overview:
Traffic
Lights are used to control the vehicular traffic. In the modern era, everyone
has different types of vehicles resulting in rise to the numbers of vehicles.
That’s why traffic lights are mandatory to avoid the traffic jams and
accidents. There are three lights in the traffic signal, having different
message for the drivers. Red light (upper one) asks the driver to yield at the
intersection, green light (last one) gives the driver free license to drive
through the intersection whereas the yellow light (middle one) alerts the driver
to wait if the next light is red one or get ready to go / turn the engine ON if
the green light is next.
Traffic
light has proved to be an amazing way to stop the vehicular collisions and
control the traffic jams in today’s modern era where everyone owns the
different types of vehicles.
This
electronic project serves its purpose in traffic control. It can be used to
avoid the vehicular collisions and traffic jams. This is a one way traffic
controller and need further modification. This control system provides guidance
to the driver whether to pass through the intersection or wait on the road.
1.2. Problem Statement
As the traffic increases with the passage of
time, we needed a proper guidance for drivers in order to drive safely and
safety for pedestrians on road. To avoid traffic hustle and maintaining proper
discipline, this project is required.
1.3. Approach
This is a one-way traffic control system.
This is a sequential circuit. This
traffic light is made with the help of counter IC, which is mainly used for
Sequential Circuits. Sequential circuit is used to count the number of series.
Coming to the working principle of Traffic Lights, ICs will be used to glow
red, green and yellow LEDs. The timing of the certain lights will be control by
555 timer’s pulse via potentiometer. We will use diodes and LEDs to get the
appropriate output.
1.4. Objectives:
·
To design a simple traffic
light controller
·
To illustrate its operation
on integrated circuit
·
To design a PCB.
·
To understand the working of
NE 555 Counter control
·
To understand the working
different ICs
·
Use Of Proteus
This document is organized
into four sections. Section one contains the introduction and abstract of our
project. The objectives of our project are also mentioned in this section.
Section two contains the basics and introduction of our components and it
includes our research study that needed to continue the project. Section three
contains all the designs, requirements of project, technical and design
specifications and all the layouts of our project with the circuit diagrams.
Section four includes the references from where we took the help in our
project.
2.
Literature Review
Since there were no traffic rules in earlier
times for pedestrians or horse carriages, streets were often overcrowded, and
movement of people and goods was therefore inefficient and sometimes even
dangerous. The problem was especially serious at road intersections. One
solution to this congestion problem was to use police officers to control the
flow of traffic, which is still used in some parts of the world today. Another
solution, which was first used in 1868, was to install a traffic light with
different colors that could be used to indicate when a vehicle can “stop,”
“caution - be prepared to stop,” or “go ahead”.
We studied each component in detail, which is
used in this project for knowing its characteristics. There are quite a few components, which we will be using to make our
Traffic Light Control System.
2.1.
LEDs
Mainly three coloured LEDs are used for traffic control
system. Red, yellow and green LEDs are being used in this circuit.
Figure 1
2.1.1Working principle of LED
A P-N junction can convert
absorbed light energy into a proportional electric current. The same process is
reversed here (i.e. the P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is
applied to it). This phenomenon is generally called electroluminescence, which can be defined as the
emission of light from a semi-conductor under the influence of an electric
field. The charge carriers recombine in a forward-biased P-N junction
as the electrons cross from the N-region and recombine with the holes existing
in the P-region. Free electrons are in the conduction
band of
energy levels, while holes are in the valence energy
band. Thus the energy level of the holes will be lesser than the
energy levels of the electrons. Some portion of the energy must be dissipated
in order to recombine the electrons and the holes. This energy is emitted in
the form of heat and light.
The electrons dissipate energy in the form of heat for silicon
and germanium diodes but in gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) and gallium
phosphide (GaP)
semiconductors, the electrons dissipate energy by emitting photons. If
the semiconductor is translucent, the junction becomes the source of light as
it is emitted, thus becoming a light-emitting diode, but when the junction is
reverse biased no light will be produced by the LED and, on the contrary, the
device may also be damaged.
2.2.
4017 IC
It is a counter decoder circuit, which can be used for low
budget projects. It can count from zero to
ten and its outputs are decoded. This saves a lot of board space and time required
to build our circuits when our application demands using a counter followed by
a decoder IC. This IC also simplifies the design and makes debugging easy. It
has 16 pins.
Figure 2
Figure 3
2.3.
555 Timer pulse
The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a
variety of timer, pulse generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as
an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element.
Figure 4
Figure 5
2.4.
Resistors
A resistor is a
passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance
as a circuit element. We have used resistors
of different ohms, i.e. of 22k, 10k and 100k resistance.
Figure 6
2.5.
Capacitor
A device used to store an
electric charge, consisting of one or more pairs of conductors separated by an
insulator. We have used capacitor of
different farad, i.e. 47u, 0.1u and 6.8nf.
Figure 7
2.6.
Diodes
A diode is a specialized
electronic component with two electrodes called the anode and the cathode. Most diodes are made with
semiconductor materials such as silicon, germanium, or selenium. We have used
1N4148 diode in this project.
Figure 8
2.7.
Battery
An electric battery is a device
consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections provided to power electrical
devices such as flashlights, smartphones, and electric cars. We have used battery of
9V.
Figure 9
2.8. Printed Circuit board
A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and
electrically connects electronic components using conductive tracks.
Figure 10
3. Design
3.1. Design Requirement
This traffic light is made with the help of
counter IC, which is mainly used for Sequential Circuits. We can also call it
as Sequential Traffic Lights. Sequential Circuits are used to count the numbers in the series.
The main IC is 4017 counter IC which is used
to glow the Red, yellow and green LED respectively. 555 timer acts as a pulse
generator providing an input to the 4017 counter IC. Timing of glow of certain
lights totally depends upon the 555 timer’s pulse. LEDs are not connected directly with 4017
counter, as the lights won’t be stable. We have used the combination of 1N4148
diodes and the LEDs in order to get the appropriate output. Capacitors and
resistors are used at their required positions. Battery of 9V is also used in
order to provide the supply.
3.2. Design and Technical Specifications
This circuit is implemented of bread board
first, for our learning and better outcomes. We have integrated this on printed
circuit board with the help of proper methodology, using different sorts of
tools such as soldering iron, drill, FeCL3 solution, presser and etc. Then we
have designed the same circuit on proteus and converted that circuit into
‘Aries’ that is the routing circuit.
3.3. Detailed Design with justification
The project was initially implemented on
breadboard and printed circuit board and then we have designed our project on
proteus and aries. Following are the justifications of the working of our
project.
Firstly, we implemented this circuit of
traffic light control on bread board with the help of ICs, wires, LEDs and all
other components mentioned above.
Figure 10
Then the same circuit was implemented on PCB.
Following is the PCB layout.
Figure 11
Then we designed this circuit on proteus.
This circuit diagram shown below is designed on proteus.
Figure 12
The proteus design is then
converted into ‘Aries’, for routing check and circuit. Following is the aries
diagram of our project.
Figure 13
3.4 Project Working Snaps
3.4.1. Red Led
3.4.2. Yellow Led
3.4.3. Green led
4.Biblography
7.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_light.
8.
Round, H. J.
(1907). "A Note on Carborundum". Electrical World.
9.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_light.
10. www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/traffsafetystudy.pdf .
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