Non-verbal Communication
Today, many researchers are concerned with the
information sent by communication that is independent of and different from
verbal information; namely, the non-verbal communication. Verbal communication
is organized by language; non-verbal communication is not.
Communication is the transfer of information from
one person to another. Most of us spend about 75 percent of our waking hours
communicating our knowledge, thoughts, and ideas to others. However, most of us
fail to realize that a great deal of our communication is of a non-verbal form
as opposed to the oral and written forms. Non-verbal communication includes
facial expressions, eye contact, tone of voice, body posture and motions, and
positioning within groups. It may also include the way we wear our clothes or
the silence we keep.
In person-to-person communications our messages are
sent on two levels simultaneously. If the nonverbal cues and the spoken message
are incongruous, the flow of communication is hindered. Right or wrong, the
receiver of the communication tends to base the intentions of the sender on the
non- verbal cues he receives.
Categories and Features
Non-verbal communication can be divided into four broad categories:
Non-verbal communication can be divided into four broad categories:
1. Physical. This is the personal type of communication. It
includes facial expressions, tone of voice, sense of touch, sense of smell, and
body motions.
2. Aesthetic. This is the type of communication that takes place through creative
expressions: playing instrumental music, dancing, painting and sculpturing.
3. Signs.
This is the mechanical type of
communication, which includes the use of signal flags, the 21-gun salute,
horns, and sirens.
4. Symbolic. This is the type of communication that makes use
of religious, status, or ego-building symbols.
Other
major categories include
Static Features
Distance. The distance one stands from another frequently conveys a non-verbal message. In some cultures it is a sign of attraction, while in others it may reflect status or the intensity of the exchange.
Distance. The distance one stands from another frequently conveys a non-verbal message. In some cultures it is a sign of attraction, while in others it may reflect status or the intensity of the exchange.
Orientation. People may present themselves in various ways: face-to-face,
side-to-side, or even back-to-back. For example, cooperating people are likely
to sit side-by-side while competitors frequently face one another.
Posture. Obviously
one can be lying down, seated, or standing. These are not the elements of posture
that convey messages. Are we slouched or erect ? Are our legs crossed or our
arms folded ? Such postures convey a degree of formality and the degree of
relaxation in the communication exchange.
Physical Contact. Shaking hands, touching, holding, embracing, pushing, or patting on the
back all convey messages. They reflect an element of intimacy or a feeling of
(or lack of) attraction.
Dynamic Features
Facial Expressions. A smile, frown, raised eyebrow, yawn, and sneer all convey information. Facial expressions continually change during interaction and are monitored constantly by the recipient. There is evidence that the meaning of these expressions may be similar across cultures.
Gestures. One of the most frequently observed, but least understood, cues is a hand movement. Most people use hand movements regularly when talking. While some gestures (e.g., a clenched fist) have universal meanings, most of the others are individually learned and idiosyncratic.
Looking. A major feature of social communication is eye contact. It can convey emotion, signal when to talk or finish, or aversion. The frequency of contact may suggest either interest or boredom.
The above list shows that both static features and dynamic features transmit important information from the sender to the receiver.
Facial Expressions. A smile, frown, raised eyebrow, yawn, and sneer all convey information. Facial expressions continually change during interaction and are monitored constantly by the recipient. There is evidence that the meaning of these expressions may be similar across cultures.
Gestures. One of the most frequently observed, but least understood, cues is a hand movement. Most people use hand movements regularly when talking. While some gestures (e.g., a clenched fist) have universal meanings, most of the others are individually learned and idiosyncratic.
Looking. A major feature of social communication is eye contact. It can convey emotion, signal when to talk or finish, or aversion. The frequency of contact may suggest either interest or boredom.
The above list shows that both static features and dynamic features transmit important information from the sender to the receiver.
Let's review these non-linguistic ways of
exchanging messages in more detail.
Kinesics
Lamb believes the best way to access an executive's managerial potential is not to listen to what he has to say, but to observe what he does when he is saying it. He calls this new behavioral science "movement analysis." Some of the movements and gestures he has analyzed follow:
Lamb believes the best way to access an executive's managerial potential is not to listen to what he has to say, but to observe what he does when he is saying it. He calls this new behavioral science "movement analysis." Some of the movements and gestures he has analyzed follow:
Forward and Backward Movements. If you extend a hand straight forward during an
interview or tend to lean forward, Lamb considers you to be an
"operator"- good for an organization requiring an infusion of energy
or dramatic change of course.
Vertical Movements. If you tend to draw yourself up to your tallest
during the handshake, Lamb considers you to be a "presenter." You are
a master at selling yourself or the organization in which you are employed.
Side-to-Side Movements. If you take a lot of space while talking by moving
your arms about, you are a good informer and good listener. You are best suited
for an organization seeking a better sense of direction. Lamb believes there is
a relationship between positioning of the body and movements of the limbs and
facial expressions. He has observed harmony between the two. On the other hand,
if certain gestures are rehearsed, such as those made to impress others, there
is a tendency to separate the posture and the movements. The harmony
disappears.
Studies by Lamb also indicate that communication
comes about through our degree of body flexibility. If you begin a movement with
considerable force and then decelerate, you are considered a
"gentle-touch." By contrast, if you are a "pressurizer,"
you are firm from beginning to end. The accuracy of Lamb's analyses is not
fully known. However, it is important that corporation executives are becoming
so sensitive to the importance of non-verbal messages that they are hiring
consultants, such as Lamb, to analyze non-verbal communications in their
organizations.
Facial Expressions
Facial expressions usually communicate emotions. The expressions tell the attitudes of the communicator. Researchers have discovered that certain facial areas reveal our emotional state better than others. For example, the eyes tend to reveal happiness or sadness, and even surprise. The lower face also can reveal happiness or surprise; the smile, for example, can communicate friendliness and cooperation. The lower face, brows, and forehead can also reveal anger. Mehrabian believes verbal cues provide 7 percent of the meaning of the message; vocal cues, 38 percent; and facial expressions, 55 percent. This means that, as the receiver of a message, you can rely heavily on the facial expressions of the sender because his expressions are a better indicator of the meaning behind the message than his words.
Facial expressions usually communicate emotions. The expressions tell the attitudes of the communicator. Researchers have discovered that certain facial areas reveal our emotional state better than others. For example, the eyes tend to reveal happiness or sadness, and even surprise. The lower face also can reveal happiness or surprise; the smile, for example, can communicate friendliness and cooperation. The lower face, brows, and forehead can also reveal anger. Mehrabian believes verbal cues provide 7 percent of the meaning of the message; vocal cues, 38 percent; and facial expressions, 55 percent. This means that, as the receiver of a message, you can rely heavily on the facial expressions of the sender because his expressions are a better indicator of the meaning behind the message than his words.
Eye Contact
Eye contact is a direct and powerful form of non-verbal communication. The superior in the organization generally maintains eye contact longer than the subordinate. The direct stare of the sender of the message conveys candor and openness. It elicits a feeling of trust. Downward glances are generally associated with modesty. Eyes rolled upward are associated with fatigue.
Eye contact is a direct and powerful form of non-verbal communication. The superior in the organization generally maintains eye contact longer than the subordinate. The direct stare of the sender of the message conveys candor and openness. It elicits a feeling of trust. Downward glances are generally associated with modesty. Eyes rolled upward are associated with fatigue.
Tactile Communication
Communication through touch is obviously non-verbal. Used properly it can create a more direct message than dozens of words; used improperly it can build barriers and cause mistrust. You can easily invade someone's space through this type of communication. If it is used reciprocally, it indicates solidarity; if not used reciprocally, it tends to indicate differences in status. Touch not only facilitates the sending of the message, but the emotional impact of the message as well.
Communication through touch is obviously non-verbal. Used properly it can create a more direct message than dozens of words; used improperly it can build barriers and cause mistrust. You can easily invade someone's space through this type of communication. If it is used reciprocally, it indicates solidarity; if not used reciprocally, it tends to indicate differences in status. Touch not only facilitates the sending of the message, but the emotional impact of the message as well.
Personal Space
Personal space is your "bubble" - the space you place between yourself and others. This invisible boundary becomes apparent only when someone bumps or tries to enter your bubble.
Personal space is your "bubble" - the space you place between yourself and others. This invisible boundary becomes apparent only when someone bumps or tries to enter your bubble.
How you identify your personal space and use the
environment in which you find yourself influences your ability to send or
receive messages. How close do you stand to the one with whom you are communicating
? Where do you sit in the room? How do you position yourself with respect to
others at a meeting? All of these things affect your level of comfort, and the
level of comfort of those receiving your message.
Goldhaber says there are three basic principles
that summarize the use of personal space in an organization: The higher your
position (status) in the organization,
- the more and better space you will have,
- the better protected your territory will be,
and
- the easier it will be to invade the territory
of lower-status personnel
The impact of use of space on the communication
process is related directly to the environment in which the space is
maintained.
Environment
How do you arrange the objects in your environment - the desks, chairs, tables, and bookcases? The design of your office, according to researchers, can greatly affect the communications within it. Some managers divide their offices into personal and impersonal areas. This can improve the communication process if the areas are used for the purposes intended.
How do you arrange the objects in your environment - the desks, chairs, tables, and bookcases? The design of your office, according to researchers, can greatly affect the communications within it. Some managers divide their offices into personal and impersonal areas. This can improve the communication process if the areas are used for the purposes intended.
Your pecking-order in the organization is
frequently determined by such things as the size of your desk, square feet in
your office, number of windows in the office, quality of the carpet, and type
of paintings (originals or copies) on the wall.
It is obvious that your personal space and
environment affect the level of your comfort and your status and facilitate or
hinder the communication process.
Paralanguage
Is the content of your message contradicted by the attitude with which you are communicating it? Researchers have found that the tone, pitch, quality of voice, and rate of speaking convey emotions that can be accurately judged regardless of the content of the message. The important thing to gain from this is that the voice is important, not just as the conveyor of the message, but as a complement to the message. As a communicator you should be sensitive to the influence of tone, pitch, and quality of your voice on the interpretation of your message by the receiver.
Is the content of your message contradicted by the attitude with which you are communicating it? Researchers have found that the tone, pitch, quality of voice, and rate of speaking convey emotions that can be accurately judged regardless of the content of the message. The important thing to gain from this is that the voice is important, not just as the conveyor of the message, but as a complement to the message. As a communicator you should be sensitive to the influence of tone, pitch, and quality of your voice on the interpretation of your message by the receiver.
Silence and Time
Silence can be a positive or negative influence in the communications process. It can provide a link between messages or sever relationships. It can create tension and uneasiness or create a peaceful situation. Silence can also be judgmental by indicating favor or disfavor - agreement or disagreement.
Silence can be a positive or negative influence in the communications process. It can provide a link between messages or sever relationships. It can create tension and uneasiness or create a peaceful situation. Silence can also be judgmental by indicating favor or disfavor - agreement or disagreement.
For example, suppose a manager finds a couple of
his staff members resting.
If he believes these staff members are basically
lazy, the idleness conveys to him that they are "goofing off" and should
be given additional assignments.
If he believes these staff members are
self-motivated and good workers, the idleness conveys to him that they are
taking a well-deserved "break."
If he is personally insecure, the idleness conveys
to him that they are threatening his authority.
Time can be an indicator of status. How long will
you give the staff member who wishes to speak to you? How long will you make
him wait to see you? Do you maintain a schedule? Is your schedule such that
your subordinates must arrange their schedules to suit yours? In a healthy
organization, the manager and his subordinates use time to communicate their
mutual respect to each other.
Non verbal Communication: Further
Decoded
Any of
the five senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch can be used as a medium
of communication. In practice only visual, aural and tactile are
used in both active (expressive) and passive (receptive)
ways.
The term language
is usually restricted to speech and writing (and sign, in the
case of deaf sign language), because these mediums of transmission
display a highly sophisticated internal structure and creativity. Non-verbal
communication, by contrast, is relatively less complex and involves less
creativity.
Non-verbal
communication may involve
1.
physiological
vocal reflexes: e.g., coughing and snoring
2. musical effects: e.g., whistling, also in
some societies where whistling serves a more complex communicative function
3. suprasegmental voice characteristics: voice
quality, speech rate, pitch, volume
4. gustatory
signals: symbolism of food and communication function of
chatting over coffee or tea, and oral gratification, such as smoking or gum
chewing
5. outlook (Clothing
and hair styles; Artefacts and symbols: lapel pins, walking sticks, jewellery
etc.; tattoos, piercing)
6. use of
chronemics: time symbolism (e.g. lateness, coming early; long or
short speech or visit). Two types of the use of time in communication
a. monochromatic: a time schedule in which
issues are solved consecutively, not simultaneously. In monochromatic
societies, time is very important and viewed as something that can and should
be used wisely. It is important to be on time, meeting start and end on time.
In individualistic cultures such as the US, UK, Canada, Australia, and other
Northern European countries, the culture adheres to monochromatic time.
b. polychromatic: A time schedule in which
people tend to do several things at the same time and place higher value on
personal involvement than getting things on time. It is common to start
meetings and finish them late. Schedules are subordinate to personal
relationships such as Latin America, Middle East and Africa.
7. chromatics: communication of messages
through colours. Colours mean one thing in the US, but something different in
Asia or Africa. E.g., in US you wear black when mourning, in India white. In
Hong Kong traditional bridal dresses are red, in Poland white. In Chile a
yellow roses means “I do no like you”, in US the opposite.
8. body language
a. kinesic: study of human use
of movement as a means of communication
i.
facial
expressions (smiling, winking, and eyebrow flashing)
ii.
gestures (both intended and unintended; directed at someone else
and self directed, e.g. nervous
rubbing of hands, waving, gesturing rudely,
blessing)
iii. body postures (kneeling, bowing)
iv. oculesics: communication through the eye contact, eye
movement
In some cultures, staring or maintain continuous
eye contact is frown; in the United Sates, it is good manners to look at other
person's eyes when talking. In the West it is usually a signal for confidence
or sincerity. The Japanese consider direct and constant eye contact a rude
gesture that means defiance or challenge. The Japanese may shift their eyes or
look down to show respect to another. Looking into someone’s eyes for long may
mean a challenge, sexual attraction, reproach, etc.
All of the above display varying levels of
formality. Often, visual effects interact closely with speech: movements of the
hands and head tend to coincide with points of greatest spoken emphasis, and
may convey particular nuances of meaning not easy to communicate in speech
(such as the drawing of inverted commas in the air to signal a special
meaning).
b. proxemics: study of
human use of space/touch as a means of
communication
i.
the use
of space as means of communication such as walking, standing,
seating, and movement distance. It is the way people use physical space to
convey messages and interact with others. Americans communicating with people
from the Middle East or South America tend to violate their intimate or
personal distance zones. Office space: The more important you are, the larger
the office
Hall's
distance zones: Four distances that people use in communicating on a
face-to-face are distinguished:
(a) intimate
distance: Distance between people that used for very
confidential communications.
(b) personal
distance: In communicating, the physical distance used for
talking with family close friends
(c) social,
consultative distance: in communicating, the distance use to handle
business transactions, etc.
(d) public
distance: in communicating, the distance used when calling
across the room or giving a talk to a group
ii.
tactile = haptic communication - (Canadians hand
shake hands, Japanese bow, Middle Easterners of the same sex kiss on the cheek,
Latinos embrace). Tactile communication involves touch (as in shaking hands,
grasping someone's arm or shoulder, stroking, and punching) and the
manipulation of physical distance and body orientation in order to communicate
indifference or disagreement.
9. silence
a. communicative
values of silence
i.
positive value of silence: common in the East
(1) interpreted as leaving an
option to the interlocutor
(2) a
designated moment to understand what has been communicated, a moment to think
and an opportunity to respond in a well thought out manner. (e.g. in Japan)
ii.
negative
value of silence: often Western bias in favour or speech rather than
silence: short pauses, short speaking turns; but notice saying “Silence is
golden”
(1) interpreted
as a sign of impoliteness, hostility, dumbness (in failure to provide an
expected response)
(2) means of
concealing the truth
b. functions
of silence
i.
planning of utterances
ii.
marking boundaries of grammatical clauses
iii.
signalling emphasis
iv. marking particular
discourse types
v.
marking
particular conversational styles
v Chronemics
The centrality of time to the quality and experience of our lives has
led scholars from a variety of disciplines to consider its social origins,
including temporal differences among social collectives. Consistent across
their accounts is the acknowledgment that time is co-constructed by people via
their communicative interactions and formalized through the use of symbols. It
takes a chronemic approach to interrogating time in the workplace, exploring
how time is a symbolic construction emergent through human interaction.
Time, or chronemics, can be
used very differently with respect to individuals and even cultures. Time
perceptions include punctuality, willingness to wait, and interactions. Time
use affects lifestyles, daily agendas, speed of speech and movements, how long
people are willing to listen, etc.
The way time is used can
provide information about people as individuals. There are different
perceptions about time usage and its value. Also, cultures differ in their
usage of time. For example, in European and American societies, when men are
interacting with women, they generally control the time use, talk more than
women, and interrupt more than women. In the business world, Americans are
expected to arrive to meetings on time and, usually, even early. On the other
hand, they arrive late to parties and dances.
Chronemics
and Power at Work
Time has a definite relationship to power
In the workplace, those in a leadership or management position treat
time – and by virtue of position – have their time treated differently than
those who are of a lower stature position. Anderson and Bowman have identified
three specific examples of how chronemics and power converge in the
workplace – waiting time, talk time and work time.
- Waiting Time
The act of making an individual of a lower stature wait is a sign of dominance. The one who “is in the position to cause another to wait has power over him. To be kept waiting is to imply that one’s time is less valuable than that of the one who imposes the wait.”
Employees of equal stature will not worry about whether they are running a few minutes behind schedule to meet with one another. On the other hand, for a mid-level manager who has a meeting with the company president, a late arrival might be a nonverbal cue that you do not respect the authority of your superior.
- Talk
Time
There is a direct correlation between the power of
an individual in an organization and conversation. This includes both length of
conversation, turn-taking and who initiates and ends a conversation. Extensive
research indicates that those with more power in an organization will speak
more often and for a greater length of time. Meetings between superiors and
subordinates provide an opportunity to illustrate this concept. A superior –
regardless of whether or not they are running the actual meeting – lead
discussions, ask questions and have the ability to speak for longer periods of
time without interruption. Likewise, research shows that turn-taking is also
influenced by power. The length of response follows the same pattern. While the
superior can speak for as long as they want, the responses of the subordinate are
shorter in length.
- Work Time
It is not likely that you will ever see a president or a high level executive punching a time clock. Their time is perceived as more valuable and they control their own time. On the other hand, a subordinate with less power has their time controlled by a higher status individual and are in less control of their time – making them likely to report their time to a higher authority. Such practices are more associated with those in non-supervisory roles or in blue collar rather than white collar
professions. Instead, as power
and status in an organization the
flexibility of the work schedule also increases. For instance, while
administrative professionals might keep a 9 to 5
work schedule, their superiors may keep less structured hours. This does
not mean that the superior works less. They may work longer, but the structure
of their work environment is not strictly dictated by the traditional work day.
A specific example of the way power is expressed through work time is scheduling. Higher-status individuals have very precise and formal schedules – indicating that their stature requires that they have specific blocks of time for specific meetings, projects and appointments. Lower status individuals however, may have less formalized schedules. Finally, the schedule and appointment calendar of the higher status individual will take precedence in determining where, when and the importance of a specific event or appointment.
v
Haptics, tacesics
Haptics
deals with touching behavior in different societies. While haptics can be
hostile (kicking), more often haptic behavior is used to indicate the degree of
intimacy. Heslin (1974), distinguished between the following degrees of
intimacy:
o
functional/professional
o
social/polite
o
friendship/warmth
o
love/intimacy
The most
widespread heptic symbol is the hand shake. This however differs in degrees,
length and strength between the various levels of intimacy (or gets completely
replaced by more intimate heptic behavior). A level 3 handshake for example in
Spain could include the use of a double grip, which might cause confusion for,
for example, a German. Equally the level 2 handshake is stronger in Spain than
in Northern Europe, and might hence be interpreted as 'over-friendly' by
Northern Europeans, while the level 2 handshake of the Northern European might
be interpreted as functional only by the Spaniard. Even more confusing would be a confrontation of a 'non-contact' culture, such as a Northern European one, with a 'contact-culture', where frequent touching is a sign of friendship or politeness (level 2 or 3). For example an Indian heptic behavior might be interpreted as a level 4 or 5 behavior.
Functional/professional
Managers should
know the effectiveness of using touch while communicating to subordinates, but
need to be cautious and understand how touch can be misunderstood. A hand on
the shoulder for one person may mean a supportive gesture, while it could mean
a sexual advance to another person. Working with others and using touch to
communicate, a manager needs to be aware of each person’s touch tolerance.
A person in power
is more likely to touch a subordinate, but the subordinate is not free to touch
in kind. Touch is a powerful nonverbal communication tool and this different
standard between a superior and subordinate can lead to confusion whether the
touch is motivated by dominance or intimacy.
The initial
connection to another person in a professional setting usually starts off with
a touch, specifically a handshake. A person's handshake can speak volumes about
them and their personality. Touching is the ultimate expression of closeness or
confidence between two people, but not seen often in business or formal
relationships. Touching stresses how special the message is that is being sent
by the initiator. "If a word of praise is accompanied by a touch on the
shoulder, that’s the gold star on the ribbon," wrote Walton.
v Kinesics
Is a
relatively far reaching expression for body language, a major factor that can
differ from cultures to cultures, in particular when no, or little visual
information is available on the other culture. One example of such a major
misinterpretation: When Khrushchev visited the US at the height of the cold
war, he greeted the press with a clasping of his hands, shaking them over each
shoulder. This expression is understood to be a sign of greeting of friends in
the USSR, symbolizing the embracing of a good friend. In the US this gesture is
understood to be the symbol of the winner in a battle; consequently, the US
media understood the message as a sign that the USSR would be victorious over
the US.The examples of misunderstanable, kinesic signs are endless. One of the explanations for that is of course the fact that many of them are based on proverbial sayings in a language, which can not be translated literally. For example the French "ça t'a passé sous le nez" (literally: that has passed under your nose) is often used to describe "you missed your opportunity", the kinesic sign for it is, of course, passing a hand under the nose, which makes perfectly no sense to members of a non-francophone culture.
The amount of kinesics usage varies of course equally, also for what they are used. Asian cultures, for example, are less inclined to show any kinesics at all, southern Europeans are far more open to show them. The kinesic usage is also related to genders.
v Proxemics
This
refers to the way in which people structure the space around them. Generally
spoken, low context cultures have a tendency to have farther distances than
high context cultures, although this does not apply to south-east Asian
cultures, who are equally high context and prefer a large distance. For example
shaking hands is something that is highly uncomfortable for Chinese, while even
the tap on the shoulder, often practiced by US Americans, can be interpreted as
threatening in Northern European countries.
v Oculesics
Oculesics
is the use of the eyes in a communication setting. In most Western cultures
again, the use of direct eye contact symbolizes listening and attention.
However, direct eye contact is seen as unfavorable by for example various Asian
cultures. The length of the eye contact is also a cultural variable, as it
might extend to become perceived as aggression when used for too long, or as
uninterested, when perceived too short.
v Paralanguage
Paralinguistics
are also a major player in cross-cultural confusion. For example the notion that
Americans are talking too loud is often interpreted in Europe as aggressive
behavior or can be seen as a sign of uncultivated behavior. Likewise, the
British way of speaking quietly might be understood as secretive by Americans.The speed of talking equally is different in various cultural settings. For example Finnish is spoken relatively slowly in comparison to other European languages. This form of speaking has often resulted in the Finish as being regarded somewhat 'slow' and lax.
Further importance is given to the amount of silence that is perceived as right during a conversation. A Japanese proverb says "Those who know do not speak - those who speak do not know"; this must come as a slap in the face of, for example, US Americans where even a slight silence is seen as embarrassing, and hence is filled up with speaking, something often perceived as hypomanic. Similarly, but different in usage, is the avoidance of silence in Arabic countries, where word games are played and thoughts repeated to avoid silence.
v Symbolism and Passive Non-verbal Communication
The
symbolism and other forms of passive non-verbal communication are equally a
major influence factor for communication problems between different cultures.The meanings of colors for example can be highly different in various cultures; for example a red circle symbolizes for many south-east Asians Japanese aggression during W.W.II. Green has become a color dominantly representing Irish and Ireland in countries with a high Irish immigration rate, such as the UK, US and Australia, while being totally associated with the ecological and peace movement in continental Europe.
Numerical symbolism equally can vary. An example of this is the number 13, in Christian cultures often associated with bad luck (in Christian mythodology, 13 is unlucky as 13 attendants were at the Last Supper), while in Jewish societies, 13 is a number of luck: The Talmud teaches that God has 13 attributes.
Politically and religiously connected symbols can equally cause confusion, or even anger. A cross, for example, worn in a Middle Eastern Arab society might be interpreted as a direct attack onto the Islam (and may even be forbidden to be worn by law).
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